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52 changes: 30 additions & 22 deletions arxiv/main.tex
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
Expand Up @@ -809,18 +809,20 @@ \subsection{Training with verifier-derived signals}
policy optimization (GRPO) steps~\cite{grpo} without supervised demonstrations
or critic-generated feedback. Each episode presents one
maximum-visibility image, its physical footprint, the permitted DSL catalog,
and the source contract. The model returns one program in a non-thinking
4{,}096-token response. The evaluator applies the source gate, executes
accepted programs, renders their geometry at the target calibration, and
compares it with the reference. Syntax failures, source violations, execution
failures, and missing GDS outputs receive zero reward. Reference or evaluator
failures abort the run rather than entering the record as model errors.

For a source-compliant executable program, let $J$ and $D$ denote IoU and
Dice, $c$ the symmetric boundary chamfer distance in micrometers, and $d$ the
footprint diagonal. The subscript $\mathrm{rect}$ denotes the result from a
solid rectangle filling the target's calibrated foreground bounding box.
Define
and the source contract. Following this, the model returns one program in a
non-thinking 4{,}096-token response, and the evaluator runs a process of
execution and comparison with the reference wherein syntax failures, source
violations, execution failures, and missing GDS outputs receive zero reward.
Moreover, reference or evaluator failures abort the run. The general motivation
behind such a direction is to have a signal that can cover the representation
space and determine whether small models can learn the representation. To that
extent, there is less focus on the manner in which signals for different types
of violations could be developed, as we focus on gauging learning capabilities.
To that end, for a source-compliant executable program, let $J$ and $D$ denote
IoU and Dice, $c$ the symmetric boundary chamfer distance in micrometers, and
$d$ the footprint diagonal. Here, the subscript $\mathrm{rect}$ denotes the
result from a solid rectangle filling the target's calibrated foreground
bounding box. Define
\begin{align*}
N(x;x_0) &= \max\left\{0,\frac{x-x_0}{1-x_0}\right\},\\
T(c) &= \exp\left[-\frac{c}{0.05d}\right],\\
Expand All @@ -844,13 +846,13 @@ \subsection{Training with verifier-derived signals}
\end{equation}
\end{subequations}
The rectangle baseline removes geometric credit for filling the target
bounding box. The boundary term provides a signal for count and boundary
bounding box, while the boundary term provides a signal for count and boundary
changes that may not yet improve overlap.

Training uses the Tinker API~\cite{tinker} with learning rate $10^{-5}$,
Training uses the Tinker API~\cite{tinker} throughout, with learning rate $10^{-5}$,
temperature $1.0$, eight task groups per step, and eight rollouts per group.
Within-group advantages are optimized with importance sampling and zero KL
penalty. Constant-reward groups are omitted. Run B spends 30 steps on each
penalty, and constant-reward groups are omitted. Run B spends 30 steps on each
level from L0 through L4 and initializes every stage from the preceding
checkpoint. After L0, each five-step cycle draws exactly 80\% of its task
groups from the active level and 20\% from earlier levels. The stage sequence
Expand All @@ -872,13 +874,12 @@ \subsection{Training with verifier-derived signals}
produces 39 executable programs in 64 attempts, with mean IoU $0.228$ and
mean best-of-eight IoU $0.467$ (Table~\ref{tab:rl}). The deployment loop uses
an independent draw of eight initial attempts per target, retains the
strongest candidate, and gives it three rounds of four revisions. Feedback
strongest candidate, and gives it three rounds of four revisions. Here, feedback
reports an error class, a closeness category, and whether material is missing
or excessive without exposing numerical measurements. Mean champion IoU
rises from $0.422$ after the initial attempts to $0.452$, $0.476$, and $0.491$
after the three revision rounds. This is one trained lineage evaluated
through repeated samples and revisions rather than an estimate of variation
across independent training runs.
through repeated samples and revisions.

\input{table_rl.tex}

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -950,14 +951,21 @@ \section{Conclusion and research contracts}\label{sec:conclusion}
training artifact release.

\begin{acknowledgments}
We thank the Thinking Machines Lab team for supporting the model-training
experiments with a research grant and access to the Tinker API. We also thank
the Google DeepMind team for graciously extending the Gemini API rate limits
used in the reconstruction experiments.
Artificial Intelligence, particularly Claude Opus 4.8, Fable 5, and ChatGPT
Codex 5.5 and 5.6 Sol, was substantively used in the drafting of this paper,
particularly in building the entirety of the codebase and contributing major
sections of the content. However, none of the ideas and motivations themselves
were proposed or directed by these models. The authors claim full
responsibility for the research and all associated claims and data presented
in this paper, all of which were created or certified by them.
This work was supported in part by the NSF National Quantum Virtual Laboratory
(NQVL:QSTD) under Award No.~\mbox{2533041} (ORAQL: Open-Stack Rydberg Atom Quantum
Computing Laboratory) and by the NSF Center for Quantum Networks under Award
No.~\mbox{EEC-1941583}.
We thank the Thinking Machines Lab team for supporting the model-training
experiments with a research grant and access to the Tinker API. We also thank
the Google DeepMind team for graciously extending the Gemini API rate limits
used in the reconstruction experiments.
\end{acknowledgments}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev4-2}
Expand Down
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