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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="application/xhtml+xml; charset=UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc 10.1.2" />
<title>Alpino User Guide</title>
<style type="text/css">
/* Shared CSS for AsciiDoc xhtml11 and html5 backends */
/* Default font. */
body {
font-family: Georgia,serif;
}
/* Title font. */
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6,
div.title, caption.title,
thead, p.table.header,
#toctitle,
#author, #revnumber, #revdate, #revremark,
#footer {
font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;
}
body {
margin: 1em 5% 1em 5%;
}
a {
color: blue;
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:visited {
color: fuchsia;
}
em {
font-style: italic;
color: navy;
}
strong {
font-weight: bold;
color: #083194;
}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
color: #527bbd;
margin-top: 1.2em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
line-height: 1.3;
}
h1, h2, h3 {
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
h2 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
}
h3 {
float: left;
}
h3 + * {
clear: left;
}
h5 {
font-size: 1.0em;
}
div.sectionbody {
margin-left: 0;
}
hr {
border: 1px solid silver;
}
p {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
ul, ol, li > p {
margin-top: 0;
}
ul > li { color: #aaa; }
ul > li > * { color: black; }
.monospaced, code, pre {
font-family: "Courier New", Courier, monospace;
font-size: inherit;
color: navy;
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
pre {
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
#author {
color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 1.1em;
}
#email {
}
#revnumber, #revdate, #revremark {
}
#footer {
font-size: small;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
padding-top: 0.5em;
margin-top: 4.0em;
}
#footer-text {
float: left;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#footer-badges {
float: right;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
}
#preamble {
margin-top: 1.5em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.imageblock, div.exampleblock, div.verseblock,
div.quoteblock, div.literalblock, div.listingblock, div.sidebarblock,
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock {
margin-top: 2.0em;
margin-bottom: 2.0em;
margin-right: 10%;
color: #606060;
}
div.content { /* Block element content. */
padding: 0;
}
/* Block element titles. */
div.title, caption.title {
color: #527bbd;
font-weight: bold;
text-align: left;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.5em;
}
div.title + * {
margin-top: 0;
}
td div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content div.title:first-child {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.content + div.title {
margin-top: 0.0em;
}
div.sidebarblock > div.content {
background: #ffffee;
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
border-left: 4px solid #f0f0f0;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.listingblock > div.content {
border: 1px solid #dddddd;
border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
background: #f8f8f8;
padding: 0.5em;
}
div.quoteblock, div.verseblock {
padding-left: 1.0em;
margin-left: 1.0em;
margin-right: 10%;
border-left: 5px solid #f0f0f0;
color: #888;
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div.quoteblock > div.attribution {
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text-align: right;
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div.verseblock > pre.content {
font-family: inherit;
font-size: inherit;
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div.verseblock > div.attribution {
padding-top: 0.75em;
text-align: left;
}
/* DEPRECATED: Pre version 8.2.7 verse style literal block. */
div.verseblock + div.attribution {
text-align: left;
}
div.admonitionblock .icon {
vertical-align: top;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: underline;
color: #527bbd;
padding-right: 0.5em;
}
div.admonitionblock td.content {
padding-left: 0.5em;
border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
}
div.exampleblock > div.content {
border-left: 3px solid #dddddd;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
div.imageblock div.content { padding-left: 0; }
span.image img { border-style: none; vertical-align: text-bottom; }
a.image:visited { color: white; }
dl {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
dt {
margin-top: 0.5em;
margin-bottom: 0;
font-style: normal;
color: navy;
}
dd > *:first-child {
margin-top: 0.1em;
}
ul, ol {
list-style-position: outside;
}
ol.arabic {
list-style-type: decimal;
}
ol.loweralpha {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
ol.upperalpha {
list-style-type: upper-alpha;
}
ol.lowerroman {
list-style-type: lower-roman;
}
ol.upperroman {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}
div.compact ul, div.compact ol,
div.compact p, div.compact p,
div.compact div, div.compact div {
margin-top: 0.1em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
tfoot {
font-weight: bold;
}
td > div.verse {
white-space: pre;
}
div.hdlist {
margin-top: 0.8em;
margin-bottom: 0.8em;
}
div.hdlist tr {
padding-bottom: 15px;
}
dt.hdlist1.strong, td.hdlist1.strong {
font-weight: bold;
}
td.hdlist1 {
vertical-align: top;
font-style: normal;
padding-right: 0.8em;
color: navy;
}
td.hdlist2 {
vertical-align: top;
}
div.hdlist.compact tr {
margin: 0;
padding-bottom: 0;
}
.comment {
background: yellow;
}
.footnote, .footnoteref {
font-size: 0.8em;
}
span.footnote, span.footnoteref {
vertical-align: super;
}
#footnotes {
margin: 20px 0 20px 0;
padding: 7px 0 0 0;
}
#footnotes div.footnote {
margin: 0 0 5px 0;
}
#footnotes hr {
border: none;
border-top: 1px solid silver;
height: 1px;
text-align: left;
margin-left: 0;
width: 20%;
min-width: 100px;
}
div.colist td {
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-bottom: 0.3em;
vertical-align: top;
}
div.colist td img {
margin-top: 0.3em;
}
@media print {
#footer-badges { display: none; }
}
#toc {
margin-bottom: 2.5em;
}
#toctitle {
color: #527bbd;
font-size: 1.1em;
font-weight: bold;
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 0.1em;
}
div.toclevel0, div.toclevel1, div.toclevel2, div.toclevel3, div.toclevel4 {
margin-top: 0;
margin-bottom: 0;
}
div.toclevel2 {
margin-left: 2em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel3 {
margin-left: 4em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
div.toclevel4 {
margin-left: 6em;
font-size: 0.9em;
}
span.aqua { color: aqua; }
span.black { color: black; }
span.blue { color: blue; }
span.fuchsia { color: fuchsia; }
span.gray { color: gray; }
span.green { color: green; }
span.lime { color: lime; }
span.maroon { color: maroon; }
span.navy { color: navy; }
span.olive { color: olive; }
span.purple { color: purple; }
span.red { color: red; }
span.silver { color: silver; }
span.teal { color: teal; }
span.white { color: white; }
span.yellow { color: yellow; }
span.aqua-background { background: aqua; }
span.black-background { background: black; }
span.blue-background { background: blue; }
span.fuchsia-background { background: fuchsia; }
span.gray-background { background: gray; }
span.green-background { background: green; }
span.lime-background { background: lime; }
span.maroon-background { background: maroon; }
span.navy-background { background: navy; }
span.olive-background { background: olive; }
span.purple-background { background: purple; }
span.red-background { background: red; }
span.silver-background { background: silver; }
span.teal-background { background: teal; }
span.white-background { background: white; }
span.yellow-background { background: yellow; }
span.big { font-size: 2em; }
span.small { font-size: 0.6em; }
span.underline { text-decoration: underline; }
span.overline { text-decoration: overline; }
span.line-through { text-decoration: line-through; }
div.unbreakable { page-break-inside: avoid; }
/*
* xhtml11 specific
*
* */
div.tableblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
div.tableblock > table {
border: 3px solid #527bbd;
}
thead, p.table.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
}
p.table {
margin-top: 0;
}
/* Because the table frame attribute is overridden by CSS in most browsers. */
div.tableblock > table[frame="void"] {
border-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="hsides"] {
border-left-style: none;
border-right-style: none;
}
div.tableblock > table[frame="vsides"] {
border-top-style: none;
border-bottom-style: none;
}
/*
* html5 specific
*
* */
table.tableblock {
margin-top: 1.0em;
margin-bottom: 1.5em;
}
thead, p.tableblock.header {
font-weight: bold;
color: #527bbd;
}
p.tableblock {
margin-top: 0;
}
table.tableblock {
border-width: 3px;
border-spacing: 0px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #527bbd;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th.tableblock, td.tableblock {
border-width: 1px;
padding: 4px;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #527bbd;
}
table.tableblock.frame-topbot {
border-left-style: hidden;
border-right-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-sides {
border-top-style: hidden;
border-bottom-style: hidden;
}
table.tableblock.frame-none {
border-style: hidden;
}
th.tableblock.halign-left, td.tableblock.halign-left {
text-align: left;
}
th.tableblock.halign-center, td.tableblock.halign-center {
text-align: center;
}
th.tableblock.halign-right, td.tableblock.halign-right {
text-align: right;
}
th.tableblock.valign-top, td.tableblock.valign-top {
vertical-align: top;
}
th.tableblock.valign-middle, td.tableblock.valign-middle {
vertical-align: middle;
}
th.tableblock.valign-bottom, td.tableblock.valign-bottom {
vertical-align: bottom;
}
/*
* manpage specific
*
* */
body.manpage h1 {
padding-top: 0.5em;
padding-bottom: 0.5em;
border-top: 2px solid silver;
border-bottom: 2px solid silver;
}
body.manpage h2 {
border-style: none;
}
body.manpage div.sectionbody {
margin-left: 3em;
}
@media print {
body.manpage div#toc { display: none; }
}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript">
/*<+'])');
// Function that scans the DOM tree for header elements (the DOM2
// nodeIterator API would be a better technique but not supported by all
// browsers).
var iterate = function (el) {
for (var i = el.firstChild; i != null; i = i.nextSibling) {
if (i.nodeType == 1 /* Node.ELEMENT_NODE */) {
var mo = re.exec(i.tagName);
if (mo && (i.getAttribute("class") || i.getAttribute("className")) != "float") {
result[result.length] = new TocEntry(i, getText(i), mo[1]-1);
}
iterate(i);
}
}
}
iterate(el);
return result;
}
var toc = document.getElementById("toc");
if (!toc) {
return;
}
// Delete existing TOC entries in case we're reloading the TOC.
var tocEntriesToRemove = [];
var i;
for (i = 0; i < toc.childNodes.length; i++) {
var entry = toc.childNodes[i];
if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div'
&& entry.getAttribute("class")
&& entry.getAttribute("class").match(/^toclevel/))
tocEntriesToRemove.push(entry);
}
for (i = 0; i < tocEntriesToRemove.length; i++) {
toc.removeChild(tocEntriesToRemove[i]);
}
// Rebuild TOC entries.
var entries = tocEntries(document.getElementById("content"), toclevels);
for (var i = 0; i < entries.length; ++i) {
var entry = entries[i];
if (entry.element.id == "")
entry.element.id = "_toc_" + i;
var a = document.createElement("a");
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a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(entry.text));
var div = document.createElement("div");
div.appendChild(a);
div.className = "toclevel" + entry.toclevel;
toc.appendChild(div);
}
if (entries.length == 0)
toc.parentNode.removeChild(toc);
},
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Footnotes generator
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/* Based on footnote generation code from:
* http://www.brandspankingnew.net/archive/2005/07/format_footnote.html
*/
footnotes: function () {
// Delete existing footnote entries in case we're reloading the footnodes.
var i;
var noteholder = document.getElementById("footnotes");
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return;
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if (entry.nodeName.toLowerCase() == 'div' && entry.getAttribute("class") == "footnote")
entriesToRemove.push(entry);
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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Alpino User Guide</h1>
<span id="author">Gertjan van Noord</span><br />
<span id="email"><code><<a href="mailto:g.j.m.van.noord@rug.nl">g.j.m.van.noord@rug.nl</a>></code></span><br />
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Alpino is a collection of tools and programs for parsing Dutch
sentences into dependency structures.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_downloading_and_installing">Downloading and Installing</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>The binary distribution is available only for some platforms
(specific requirements are listed below). Installing involves the following
steps:</p></div>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
Download the relevant file for your architecture at
<a href="http://www.let.rug.nl/vannoord/alp/Alpino/versions/binary">Alpino download site</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Extract the contents of that file in a place of your liking, e.g.,
in your home-directory, and do the following:
</p>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>tar xzf Alpino-bla-bla-19327.tar.gz</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The binary file depends on the Tcl/Tk libraries as well as a number of
system libraries. These libraries are often available for a standard Linux
distribution. A few likely candidates for trouble are included in the
distribution (under create_bin/extralibs)</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In addition, some of the tools and programs that are shipped with
Alpino require additional packages. Here is the beginning of a
list. Typically you need a recent version ;-)</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
go
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
tcl/tk
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
lxml
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
python3, version 3.7 or above
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
python3 library lxml
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
dictzip (sometimes packaged with dictd)
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
libpopt
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
libz
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_running_alpino">Running Alpino</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>In other that you can use Alpino and the related tools, you need to
define your ALPINO_HOME environment variable. This variable should
point to the directory that containts the Alpino stuff. A typical way
tot do this, is to add the following lines to the file .bashrc in your
home directory, assuming you use bash, and assuming you extracted the
Alpino stuff in a directory called Alpino in your home directory:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>export ALPINO_HOME=$HOME/Alpino
export PATH=$PATH:$ALPINO_HOME/bin</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_basic_usage">Basic Usage</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The various usages of Alpino can be summarized as follows:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>Alpino [Options]
Alpino [Options] -parse
Alpino [Options] -parse W1 .. Wn</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the first form, the system will work in interactive mode. By
default, it will start the graphical user interface. Use the options
-tk or -notk to enable/disable the gui explicitly.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In interactive mode, you are in effect using the Hdrug command
interpreter and (optionally) the Hdrug graphical user interface. Refer
to the Hdrug documentation for more information.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the second form, the system will read lines from standard
input. Each line is then parsed, and various output is produced (the
actual output depends on the various options that are set). For those with less
experience with Unix, this form allows you to parse larger collections of
sentences using input redirection:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>cat MySentences.txt | Alpino -parse</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, in the third form, the system will parse the single sentence
given on the command line, provide output (again, depending on the
options), and quit. In this form, the input sentence is given as a
sequence of tokens W1 .. Wn on the command line.</p></div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_options">Options</h4>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are a whole bunch of options which affect the way in which the
system runs. For most options, there is documentation available from
the graphical user interface. In order to have access to this, run:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>Alpino</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Some frequently used options are given here.</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Flag=Value
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Assigns Value to global variable Flag. See below for a list of
flags with suggested values.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The remaining options all start with a dash:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-flag Flag Value
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Similar to the above. The difference is that in the Flag=Value
syntax, the Value is parsed as a Prolog term. In the -flag Flag
Value syntax, on the other hand, the Value is parsed as a Prolog
atom. In many cases this does not make a difference. Remember:
for path names, you need the second format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-tk
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Use the graphical user interface. Only makes sense for interactive operation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-notk
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Do not use the graphical user interface.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-cmd Goal
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Evaluates Prolog Goal; Goal is parsed as Prolog term.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-l File
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Loads the Prolog file, using the Prolog goal use_module(File).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-slow
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
The alternative to the <em>veryfast</em>-option. The system will find all possible
parses for the input. No part-of-speech pre-processor is
applied. No beams are used in search. The parser does not enforce
the "guides" technique.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-veryfast
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
This option uses a set of options to improve the speed of the
parser. In this mode, the parser only delivers the first (best)
analysis. The part-of-speech pre-processor is applied. Guided parsing
is applied. Several heuristics apply to limit the search space.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_flags_global_variables">Flags (global variables)</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>There are (way too) many global variables (called flags) which will
alter the behavior of Alpino. These flags typically already have a
default value. The value can be changed using command line
options. The values can also be changed in interactive mode using
either the command interpreter or the graphical user interface. In the
graphical user interface, documentation for each option is
provided. Boolean flags have one of the values "on" or "off".
The following options appear most relevant:</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
debug
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Integer (typically 0, 1 or 2) which determines the number and
detail of debug and continuation messages.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
demo
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Boolean flag which determines if a visual impression of the
parse is produced (either to standard output, or the graphical
interface if it is running).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
disambiguation_beam
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
Integer which determines during unpacking the how many best
analyses are kept for each ‘maximal projection’. A larger value
will imply slower and more accurate processing. The value 0 is
special: in that case the system performs a full search (hence
maximal accuracy and minimal speed). The value of this flag is
ignored in case unpack_bestfirst=off.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">