Add env-based time limits #3431

Job	Run time
lint / clang-format	12s
lint / shell-lint	12s
lint / python-lint	8s
mac / clang-build (Debug)	1m 6s
ubuntu / clang-build (ubuntu-24.04)	1m 22s
mac / clang-build (Release)	1m 52s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04, Release)	1m 33s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm, Release)	1m 19s
ubuntu / clang-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm)	1m 25s
windows / msvc-build (Debug)	2m 44s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04, Debug)	1m 17s
windows / msvc-build (Release)	2m 27s
windows / clang-build	2m 14s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm, Debug)	27s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-build	0s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-test	0s
ubuntu / clang-test	0s
ubuntu / clang-test-extended	0s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-test-extended	0s
ubuntu / gcc-test-extended	0s
ubuntu / gcc-test	0s
ubuntu / gcc-build-codecov	0s
mac / clang-test	-1s
mac / clang-test-extended	-1s
windows / msvc-test	0s
windows / msvc-test-extended	-1s
windows / clang-test	1s
windows / clang-test-extended	1s
perf	-1s
pages	-1s
	18m 15s

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