Add env-based time limits #3423

Job	Run time
lint / python-lint	4s
lint / shell-lint	15s
lint / clang-format	13s
mac / clang-build (Release)	2m 32s
mac / clang-build (Debug)	2m 29s
ubuntu / clang-build (ubuntu-24.04)	2m 11s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04, Release)	1m 31s
windows / msvc-build (Debug)	3m 40s
ubuntu / clang-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm)	1m 7s
windows / msvc-build (Release)	2m 31s
windows / clang-build	2m 1s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04, Debug)	39s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm, Debug)	1m 44s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm, Release)	9s
ubuntu / gcc-test-extended	-1s
ubuntu / gcc-test	-1s
windows / clang-test	0s
windows / clang-test-extended	0s
ubuntu / clang-test	0s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-test	0s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-test-extended	0s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-build	0s
ubuntu / clang-test-extended	0s
ubuntu / gcc-build-codecov	-1s
mac / clang-test	0s
mac / clang-test-extended	0s
windows / msvc-test	0s
windows / msvc-test-extended	0s
perf	0s
pages	0s
	21m 3s

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