Add tests for env-based timeouts #3405

Job	Run time
lint / shell-lint	11s
lint / python-lint	8s
lint / clang-format	13s
mac / clang-build (Debug)	2m 7s
mac / clang-build (Release)	2m 14s
ubuntu / clang-build (ubuntu-24.04)	2m 47s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04, Debug)	1m 43s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm, Debug)	3m 28s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04, Release)	2m 54s
ubuntu / clang-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm)	3m 0s
ubuntu / gcc-build (ubuntu-24.04-arm, Release)	3m 12s
windows / clang-build	2m 40s
windows / msvc-build (Release)	2m 24s
windows / msvc-build (Debug)	3m 58s
mac / clang-test	4m 55s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-build (ubuntu-24.04)	3m 47s
ubuntu / clang-test (ubuntu-24.04-arm)	9m 21s
ubuntu / clang-test (ubuntu-24.04)	9m 29s
windows / msvc-test-extended	0s
windows / msvc-test	0s
ubuntu / gcc-test (ubuntu-24.04-arm)	9m 40s
ubuntu / gcc-test (ubuntu-24.04)	9m 16s
windows / clang-test	0s
windows / clang-test-extended	0s
mac / clang-test-extended	3m 13s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-test (ubuntu-24.04)	3m 10s
ubuntu / clang-sanitizer-test-extended (ubuntu-24.04)	3m 20s
ubuntu / clang-test-extended (ubuntu-24.04)	4m 46s
ubuntu / clang-test-extended (ubuntu-24.04-arm)	5m 28s
ubuntu / gcc-test-extended (ubuntu-24.04)	5m 11s
ubuntu / gcc-test-extended (ubuntu-24.04-arm)	5m 33s
ubuntu / gcc-build-codecov	6m 54s
perf	0s
pages	0s
	1h 55m 2s

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