diff --git a/bin/backends/herdr.sh b/bin/backends/herdr.sh
index c5f270bdaf..796f718a3b 100644
--- a/bin/backends/herdr.sh
+++ b/bin/backends/herdr.sh
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ fm_backend_herdr_presentation_lock_namespace() {
 
 fm_backend_herdr_presentation_lock_namespace_mode() {
   if [ "$(uname -s 2>/dev/null)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f '%Lp' "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%Lp' "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c '%a' "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ fm_backend_herdr_presentation_lock_namespace_mode() {
 
 fm_backend_herdr_presentation_lock_namespace_uid() {
   if [ "$(uname -s 2>/dev/null)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f '%u' "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%u' "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c '%u' "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-backlog-receive.sh b/bin/fm-backlog-receive.sh
index 15d9bde99a..52bf8250c4 100755
--- a/bin/fm-backlog-receive.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-backlog-receive.sh
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ list_keys() { # <file>
 lock_age() {
   local modified now
   if [ "$(uname 2>/dev/null)" = Darwin ]; then
-    modified=$(stat -f '%m' "$1" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+    modified=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%m' "$1" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   else
     modified=$(stat -c '%Y' "$1" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-bootstrap.sh b/bin/fm-bootstrap.sh
index 47203fc17b..ff7e9738af 100755
--- a/bin/fm-bootstrap.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-bootstrap.sh
@@ -834,14 +834,14 @@ x_mode_write_if_changed() {
   [ "$parent" != "$dest" ] || return 1
   [ -d "$parent" ] && [ ! -L "$parent" ] || return 1
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    parent_device=$(stat -f %d "$parent" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+    parent_device=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %d "$parent" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   else
     parent_device=$(stat -c %d "$parent" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   fi
   if [ -e "$dest" ] || [ -L "$dest" ]; then
     fmx_single_link_file_valid "$dest" "$parent_device" || return 1
     if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-      current_mode=$(stat -f %Lp "$dest" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+      current_mode=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %Lp "$dest" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
     else
       current_mode=$(stat -c %a "$dest" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
     fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-busy-event.sh b/bin/fm-busy-event.sh
index 0abcab8ee3..f3eaf4e6c3 100755
--- a/bin/fm-busy-event.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-busy-event.sh
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ LOCK="$REC.lock"
 # gets a non-numeric token. Detect the platform once and pick the right form,
 # exactly as bin/fm-watch.sh does.
 if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-  lock_mtime() { stat -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
+  lock_mtime() { "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
 else
   lock_mtime() { stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
 fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-classify-lib.sh b/bin/fm-classify-lib.sh
index 9915ece7d2..65f1fe7d0c 100755
--- a/bin/fm-classify-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-classify-lib.sh
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ FM_OPEN_DECISIONS_FOLD_VERSION=4
 _fm_open_decisions_file_ident() {  # <file> -> "dev:inode", empty on I/O failure
   local f=$1
   if [ "$(uname -s 2>/dev/null)" = Darwin ]; then
-    LC_ALL=C stat -f '%d:%i' "$f" 2>/dev/null
+    LC_ALL=C "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%d:%i' "$f" 2>/dev/null
   else
     LC_ALL=C stat -c '%d:%i' "$f" 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-config-inherit-lib.sh b/bin/fm-config-inherit-lib.sh
index 0b3ec94f09..489d2e370a 100644
--- a/bin/fm-config-inherit-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-config-inherit-lib.sh
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fm_config_inherit_items() {
 
 fm_inherit_file_mode() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %Lp "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %Lp "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %a "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ fm_inherit_file_mode() {
 
 fm_inherit_file_device() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %d "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %d "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %d "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ fm_inherit_file_device() {
 
 fm_inherit_file_link_count() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %h "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-fleet-snapshot.sh b/bin/fm-fleet-snapshot.sh
index c257d110be..44693c76c4 100755
--- a/bin/fm-fleet-snapshot.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-fleet-snapshot.sh
@@ -820,8 +820,8 @@ case "$FM_SNAPSHOT_SECONDMATE_LANDED_PER_HOME" in ''|*[!0-9]*) FM_SNAPSHOT_SECON
 # pollute arithmetic input before failing. Select the platform syntax once.
 if [ "$(uname 2>/dev/null || true)" = Darwin ]; then
   SNAPSHOT_STAT_STYLE=bsd
-  file_mtime_epoch() { stat -f '%m' "$1" 2>/dev/null || true; }
-  file_mode_octal() { stat -f '%Lp' "$1" 2>/dev/null || true; }
+  file_mtime_epoch() { "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%m' "$1" 2>/dev/null || true; }
+  file_mode_octal() { "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%Lp' "$1" 2>/dev/null || true; }
 else
   SNAPSHOT_STAT_STYLE=gnu
   file_mtime_epoch() { stat -c '%Y' "$1" 2>/dev/null || true; }
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ bounded_parent_activities_json() {  # <status-file>
     stat_style=$6
     . "$classify"
     if [ "$stat_style" = bsd ]; then
-      size=$(stat -f "%z" "$f" 2>/dev/null) || exit 3
+      size=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f "%z" "$f" 2>/dev/null) || exit 3
     else
       size=$(stat -c "%s" "$f" 2>/dev/null) || exit 3
     fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-inactive-reconcile.sh b/bin/fm-inactive-reconcile.sh
index 30d451db5a..131d7d7320 100755
--- a/bin/fm-inactive-reconcile.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-inactive-reconcile.sh
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ if [ "$FM_INACTIVE_RECONCILE_BUDGET_SECS" -gt 30 ]; then
 fi
 
 if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-  file_mtime() { stat -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
+  file_mtime() { "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
 else
   file_mtime() { stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
 fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-lock-lib.sh b/bin/fm-lock-lib.sh
index f3b070ec8c..f3b9eeccf5 100644
--- a/bin/fm-lock-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-lock-lib.sh
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fm_lock_log() {
 # no wake-queue machinery when a caller only needs the staleness proof.
 fm_lock_path_mtime() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-pending-reply-lib.sh b/bin/fm-pending-reply-lib.sh
index 8db770288a..b155a0ff5d 100755
--- a/bin/fm-pending-reply-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-pending-reply-lib.sh
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ fm_pending_reply_file_signature() {  # <path>
   local path=$1
   [ -f "$path" ] || { printf 'missing'; return 0; }
   if [ "$(uname -s 2>/dev/null)" = Darwin ]; then
-    LC_ALL=C stat -f '%d:%i:%z:%m:%c' "$path" 2>/dev/null || printf 'unreadable'
+    LC_ALL=C "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%d:%i:%z:%m:%c' "$path" 2>/dev/null || printf 'unreadable'
   else
     LC_ALL=C stat -c '%d:%i:%s:%Y:%Z' "$path" 2>/dev/null || printf 'unreadable'
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-pr-lib.sh b/bin/fm-pr-lib.sh
index b8ea9eb8fd..fc95bc4f77 100755
--- a/bin/fm-pr-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-pr-lib.sh
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ fm_pr_head_valid() {
 
 fm_pr_file_mode() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %Lp "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %Lp "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %a "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ fm_pr_file_mode() {
 
 fm_pr_file_device() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %d "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %d "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %d "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ fm_pr_file_device() {
 
 fm_pr_file_link_count() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %h "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ fm_pr_file_link_count() {
 
 fm_pr_file_inode() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %i "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %i "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %i "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-remote-file.sh b/bin/fm-remote-file.sh
index 34a993db5b..e6adfad68a 100755
--- a/bin/fm-remote-file.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-remote-file.sh
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ snapshot_bounded_file() { # <file> <max-bytes> <destination> <size-file>
 
 directory_identity() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f '%d:%i' . 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%d:%i' . 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c '%d:%i' . 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-remote-inherit-push.sh b/bin/fm-remote-inherit-push.sh
index f0d6f416d4..34795192d6 100755
--- a/bin/fm-remote-inherit-push.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-remote-inherit-push.sh
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ sha256_file() {
   if command -v shasum >/dev/null 2>&1; then shasum -a 256 "$1" | awk '{print $1}'; else sha256sum "$1" | awk '{print $1}'; fi
 }
 file_link_count() {
-  if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then stat -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null; else stat -c %h "$1" 2>/dev/null; fi
+  if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null; else stat -c %h "$1" 2>/dev/null; fi
 }
 shared_captain_header_valid() {
   local head
diff --git a/bin/fm-remote-inherit.sh b/bin/fm-remote-inherit.sh
index be995d75c7..44c6b11460 100755
--- a/bin/fm-remote-inherit.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-remote-inherit.sh
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ SCRIPT_DIR="$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)"
 die() { printf 'error: %s\n' "$1" >&2; exit 1; }
 usage() { sed -n '2,10p' "$0" | sed 's/^# \{0,1\}//'; exit 2; }
 file_link_count() {
-  if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then stat -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null; else stat -c %h "$1" 2>/dev/null; fi
+  if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null; else stat -c %h "$1" 2>/dev/null; fi
 }
 sha256_file() {
   if command -v shasum >/dev/null 2>&1; then shasum -a 256 "$1" | awk '{print $1}'; else sha256sum "$1" | awk '{print $1}'; fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-remote-job-lib.sh b/bin/fm-remote-job-lib.sh
index 25d7bb73b4..4a893692f1 100755
--- a/bin/fm-remote-job-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-remote-job-lib.sh
@@ -597,7 +597,7 @@ fm_remote_job_reap() { # <account-home> <id>; only removes an exact completed re
 fm_remote_job_path_mtime() { # <path>
   # The platform override controls worker shape in isolated tests, not the host
   # kernel's stat syntax.
-  if [ "$(uname -s 2>/dev/null || true)" = Darwin ]; then stat -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; else stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null; fi
+  if [ "$(uname -s 2>/dev/null || true)" = Darwin ]; then "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; else stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null; fi
 }
 
 fm_remote_job_reap_stale() { # <account-home>
diff --git a/bin/fm-startup-memory-budget-lib.sh b/bin/fm-startup-memory-budget-lib.sh
index f2c06014b8..df77d3209f 100644
--- a/bin/fm-startup-memory-budget-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-startup-memory-budget-lib.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fm_startup_memory_budget_fail() {
 
 fm_startup_memory_budget_link_count() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %l "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %h "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-supervise-daemon.sh b/bin/fm-supervise-daemon.sh
index 86bad52b44..29115d83c2 100755
--- a/bin/fm-supervise-daemon.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-supervise-daemon.sh
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ _state_root() { printf '%s' "${FM_STATE_OVERRIDE:-$FM_HOME/state}"; }
 
 # --- portable stat (same trap as fm-watch.sh: no `stat -f || stat -c`) -------
 if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-  _stat_file_mtime() { stat -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
+  _stat_file_mtime() { "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
 else
   _stat_file_mtime() { stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
 fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-supervision-lib.sh b/bin/fm-supervision-lib.sh
index 3bbb13bdf8..5c89856d48 100644
--- a/bin/fm-supervision-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-supervision-lib.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # Portable mtime; Linux stat lacks -f, macOS stat lacks -c.
 fm_sup_stat_mtime() {
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-test-isolation-proof.sh b/bin/fm-test-isolation-proof.sh
index 137aff8b26..a99116d26d 100755
--- a/bin/fm-test-isolation-proof.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-test-isolation-proof.sh
@@ -206,8 +206,8 @@ EOF
 
 dir_mode() {
   local path=$1
-  if stat -f %Lp "$path" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    stat -f %Lp "$path"
+  if "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %Lp "$path" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %Lp "$path"
   else
     stat -c %a "$path"
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-test-run.sh b/bin/fm-test-run.sh
index 1e90445ceb..5f232bd8f3 100755
--- a/bin/fm-test-run.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-test-run.sh
@@ -1656,7 +1656,7 @@ else
     if [ -s "$out" ]; then
       cat "$out"
     fi
-    mode=$(stat -c %a "$work" 2>/dev/null || stat -f %Lp "$work" 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)
+    mode=$(stat -c %a "$work" 2>/dev/null || "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %Lp "$work" 2>/dev/null || echo unknown)
     case "$mode" in
       700|0700) ;;
       *)
diff --git a/bin/fm-wake-lib.sh b/bin/fm-wake-lib.sh
index 8ce2195ac8..5d8b1c1bdd 100755
--- a/bin/fm-wake-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-wake-lib.sh
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ fm_pid_identity() {
 
 fm_path_mtime() {
   if [ "$_FM_UNAME" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
@@ -1284,7 +1284,7 @@ fm_wake_print_deduped() {
 
 fm_wake_signal_sig() {  # <file> -> "size:mtime"
   if [ "$_FM_UNAME" = Darwin ]; then
-    stat -f '%z:%Fm' "$1" 2>/dev/null
+    "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%z:%Fm' "$1" 2>/dev/null
   else
     stat -c '%s:%Y' "$1" 2>/dev/null
   fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-watch.sh b/bin/fm-watch.sh
index f5a714b4c7..25840f71d1 100755
--- a/bin/fm-watch.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-watch.sh
@@ -136,8 +136,15 @@ WATCHER_STALE_GRACE=${FM_WATCHER_STALE_GRACE:-${FM_GUARD_GRACE:-300}}
 # appended to that garbage. Arithmetic under `set -u` then aborts on the stray
 # token (e.g. the word "File" read as an unset variable), which silently kills the
 # watcher mid-cycle. Detect the platform once and pick the right form.
+#
+# Detecting the platform is necessary but NOT sufficient: `uname` tells you the OS,
+# not which `stat` wins on PATH. A Mac with Homebrew coreutils puts GNU stat ahead
+# of /usr/bin, so `uname` says Darwin while `stat` is GNU 9.x - and the exact
+# stdout-garbage failure described above fires on macOS too. Resolve BSD stat by
+# path rather than trusting PATH. FM_BSD_STAT overrides it for hosts that keep BSD
+# stat elsewhere.
 if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-  stat_mtime() { stat -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; }        # epoch seconds of mtime
+  stat_mtime() { "${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %m "$1" 2>/dev/null; }        # epoch seconds of mtime
 else
   stat_mtime() { stat -c %Y "$1" 2>/dev/null; }
 fi
diff --git a/bin/fm-x-lib.sh b/bin/fm-x-lib.sh
index 447d7cd440..17e40da5c9 100644
--- a/bin/fm-x-lib.sh
+++ b/bin/fm-x-lib.sh
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ fmx_single_link_file_valid() {
   local file=$1 expected_device=${2-} links device
   [ -f "$file" ] && [ ! -L "$file" ] || return 1
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    links=$(stat -f %l "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
-    device=$(stat -f %d "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+    links=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %l "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+    device=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %d "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   else
     links=$(stat -c %h "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
     device=$(stat -c %d "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ fmx_single_link_file_mode_valid() {
   local file=$1 expected_mode=$2 expected_device=${3-} mode
   fmx_single_link_file_valid "$file" "$expected_device" || return 1
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    mode=$(stat -f %Lp "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+    mode=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %Lp "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   else
     mode=$(stat -c %a "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   fi
@@ -116,8 +116,8 @@ fmx_private_artifact_dir_device() {
   local dir=$1 mode device
   [ -d "$dir" ] && [ ! -L "$dir" ] || return 1
   if [ "$(uname)" = Darwin ]; then
-    mode=$(stat -f %Lp "$dir" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
-    device=$(stat -f %d "$dir" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+    mode=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %Lp "$dir" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+    device=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f %d "$dir" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   else
     mode=$(stat -c %a "$dir" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
     device=$(stat -c %d "$dir" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ fmx_request_relay_context() {
 
 fmx_context_registry_mtime() {
   local file=$1 mtime
-  mtime=$(stat -f '%m' "$file" 2>/dev/null) || mtime=$(stat -c '%Y' "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
+  mtime=$("${FM_BSD_STAT:-/usr/bin/stat}" -f '%m' "$file" 2>/dev/null) || mtime=$(stat -c '%Y' "$file" 2>/dev/null) || return 1
   case "$mtime" in
     ''|*[!0-9]*) return 1 ;;
   esac