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Algorithms Reference Library

Polyglot algorithm implementations across 25 canonical languages — a comprehensive competitive-programming (LeetCode/Codeforces) toolkit plus foundational algorithms — extended with GPU and low-level tiers: CUDA, assembly, PTX, SASS, LLVM IR and WebAssembly. Each language directory contains standalone implementations organized by category.

Coverage Matrix

Auto-generated coverage: ✓ = implementation present.

Sorting

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
Bubble Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Insertion Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Selection Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Merge Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Quick Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Heap Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Counting Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Radix Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Shell Sort ✓ ✓ ✓
Bucket Sort ✓

Searching

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
Binary Search ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Ternary Search ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Techniques

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
Two Pointers ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Sliding Window ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Prefix Sum ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Backtracking ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Bit Manipulation ✓ ✓ ✓

Graphs

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
BFS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
DFS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Dijkstra ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
A* ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Bellman-Ford ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Floyd-Warshall ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Prim (MST) ✓ ✓
Kruskal (MST) ✓ ✓
Topological Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Kahn Topo Sort ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Kosaraju SCC ✓ ✓ ✓
Tarjan SCC ✓ ✓
Bipartite Check ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Cycle Detection ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Bridges/Articulation ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Eulerian Path ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Max Flow (Dinic) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
LCA (Binary Lifting) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Convex Hull ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Dynamic Programming

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
LCS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Knapsack ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Edit Distance ✓
Levenshtein ✓
Coin Change ✓
Kadane (Max Subarray) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
LIS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Matrix Chain ✓ ✓ ✓
Longest Palindromic Subseq ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Strings

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
KMP ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Rabin-Karp ✓
Z-Algorithm ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Manacher ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Huffman ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Data Structures

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
DSU (Union-Find) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Trie ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Fenwick Tree ✓ ✓
Segment Tree ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Segment Tree (Lazy) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Sparse Table ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Monotonic Stack ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Monotonic Queue ✓
LRU Cache ✓
Skip List ✓
Bloom Filter ✓
Linked List ✓
Stack ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Queue ✓ ✓
BST ✓

Math / Number Theory

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
GCD / LCM ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Sieve of Eratosthenes ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Fast Power ✓ ✓
FFT ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Matrix Multiplication ✓ ✓ ✓
Miller-Rabin ✓ ✓ ✓
Modular Inverse ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
nCr mod p ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Euler Totient ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
CRT ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Fibonacci ✓

Cryptography

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
Caesar Cipher ✓ ✓
Vigenere ✓

Machine Learning

Algorithm Py C C++ Java C# JS TS R Rust SQL Go PHP Swift Julia Ruby Kotlin MATLAB OCaml Lua Lisp Scala Haskell Elixir Fortran Lean4
K-Means ✓ ✓ ✓
Linear Regression ✓ ✓

Additional Algorithm Coverage

A second wave of algorithms was added across the major languages (and a new geometry/ category). The table lists where each is implemented.

Algorithm Languages
Max heap Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go, PHP, Julia, Ruby, Kotlin, Lua, Swift
Circular buffer Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go
Boyer-Moore search Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go, PHP, Julia, Ruby, Kotlin, Lua, Swift
Catalan numbers Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go, PHP, Julia, Ruby, Kotlin, Lua, Swift
Egg dropping Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go
Matrix exponentiation Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go
Gaussian elimination Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go
Point in polygon Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go
Closest pair of points Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go
Base64 codec Python, C, C++, Java, C#, JavaScript, TypeScript, Rust, Go
Treap Python, C++
Splay tree Python
Aho-Corasick Python, C++
Suffix array Python

Related suites: foundational gaps across all 25 languages are tracked by the coverage matrix above; the new geometry/ category holds the computational geometry implementations.

Language Directory Navigation

# Directory Language Files
1 01_python/ Python 172
2 02_c/ C 66
3 03_cpp/ C++ 77
4 04_java/ Java 63
5 05_csharp/ C# 44
6 06_javascript/ JavaScript 45
7 07_typescript/ TypeScript 36
8 08_r/ R 32
9 09_rust/ Rust 62
10 10_sql/ SQL 6
11 11_golang/ Go 60
12 12_php/ PHP 21
13 13_swift/ Swift 19
14 14_julia/ Julia 21
15 15_ruby/ Ruby 21
16 16_kotlin/ Kotlin 19
17 17_matlab/ MATLAB 6
18 18_ocaml/ OCaml 15
19 19_lua/ Lua 20
20 20_lisp/ Common Lisp 16
21 21_scala/ Scala 16
22 22_haskell/ Haskell 16
23 23_elixir/ Elixir 15
24 24_fortran/ Fortran 7
25 25_lean4/ Lean 4 5
26 26_cuda/ CUDA 668
27 27_assembly/ Assembly (x86-64/AArch64/RISC-V) 39
28 28_ptx/ PTX 20
29 29_sass/ SASS 9
30 30_llvm_ir/ LLVM IR 47
31 31_wasm/ WebAssembly (WAT) 18

Testing

make test-competitive   # DSU, binary search, DP, number theory, graphs, techniques
make test-algorithms    # classic polyglot suites (FFT, Dijkstra, A*, KMP, ...)
make test               # full regression (all languages + scripts + architectures)