diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_selection_internal.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_selection_internal.cc
index 7fe8d9b8866..ab58d935054 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_selection_internal.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_selection_internal.cc
@@ -517,9 +517,9 @@ struct VarBinarySelectionImpl : public Selection<VarBinarySelectionImpl<Type>, T
 
           // Use static property to prune this code from the filter path in
           // optimized builds
-          if (Adapter::is_take &&
-              ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(static_cast<int64_t>(offset) +
-                                  static_cast<int64_t>(val_size)) > kOffsetLimit) {
+          if (Adapter::is_take && ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(static_cast<int64_t>(offset) +
+                                                          static_cast<int64_t>(val_size) >
+                                                      kOffsetLimit)) {
             return Status::Invalid("Take operation overflowed binary array capacity");
           }
           offset += val_size;
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_selection_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_selection_test.cc
index 5fa2d6824dc..c7972098539 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_selection_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/compute/kernels/vector_selection_test.cc
@@ -1706,6 +1706,29 @@ TEST_F(TestTakeKernelFSB, TakeFixedSizeBinary) {
                 TakeCAC(type, {kABNullDE, kABC}, "[4, 10]").Value(&chunked_arr));
 }
 
+// GH-50840: taking more data than a 32-bit offset can address must raise
+// instead of silently overflowing the offsets buffer.
+TEST_F(TestTakeKernel, LARGE_MEMORY_TEST(TakeBinaryOffsetOverflow)) {
+  // 2048 * 1 MiB = 2 GiB of output, one value past the int32 offset limit.
+  constexpr int64_t kValueSize = 1 << 20;
+  constexpr int64_t kNumIndices = 2048;
+
+  StringBuilder values_builder;
+  ASSERT_OK(values_builder.Append(std::string(kValueSize, 'x')));
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto values, values_builder.Finish());
+
+  Int32Builder indices_builder;
+  ASSERT_OK(indices_builder.Reserve(kNumIndices));
+  for (int64_t i = 0; i < kNumIndices; ++i) {
+    indices_builder.UnsafeAppend(0);
+  }
+  ASSERT_OK_AND_ASSIGN(auto indices, indices_builder.Finish());
+
+  EXPECT_RAISES_WITH_MESSAGE_THAT(
+      Invalid, ::testing::HasSubstr("Take operation overflowed binary array capacity"),
+      TakeAAA(*values, *indices));
+}
+
 using ListAndListViewArrowTypes =
     ::testing::Types<ListType, LargeListType, ListViewType, LargeListViewType>;