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  <title>Digital Logic: AND Gates - Ritesh Thapa</title>
  <meta name="description" content="The basic operation of AND logic gates in digital circuits. Learn functional expressions, circuit diagrams, truth tables, and verification procedures.">
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        <h1>Digital Logic Operations:<br>AND Gates</h1>
        <p style="font-size: 18px; color: var(--text-muted);">Verifying the basic operations of logic gates in digital circuits.</p>
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            <h2>Introduction to AND Gates</h2>
            <p>An AND gate is a digital logic gate with two or more inputs and one output that performs logical conjunction. It is one of the fundamental building blocks of digital electronics.</p>

            <h2>Functional Expression</h2>
            <p>The functional expression of AND gates is denoted by a dot (.).<br>
            If A and B are the two inputs of the AND gate, then the output of the given function is <strong>Z = A.B</strong>,</p>
            <ul>
              <li><strong>Z</strong> is the output of the AND gate</li>
              <li><strong>A</strong> and <strong>B</strong> are the inputs to the AND gate</li>
            </ul>

            <h2>Circuit Diagram</h2>
            <p>The standard symbol and circuit diagram for a 2-input AND gate:</p>
            <img src="assets/img/and.png" alt="AND Gate Circuit Diagram" style="max-height: 200px; object-fit: contain; width: auto; display: block; background: #fff; padding: 15px;">

            <h2>Truth Table</h2>
            <p>The truth table clearly shows that the output is high (1) only when both inputs are high (1).</p>
            <img src="assets/img/truthtable.png" alt="AND Gate Truth Table" style="max-height: 250px; object-fit: contain; width: auto; display: block; background: #fff; padding: 15px;">

            <h2>Verification Procedure</h2>
            <p>The procedure to verify the basic operation of logic AND gates using a breadboard is as follows:</p>
            <ol style="color: var(--text-muted); line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 20px; padding-left: 20px;">
              <li>Take all required apparatus (Breadboard, IC 7408, LED, Resistor, Jumper wires, Power Supply).</li>
              <li>Give power supply to the breadboard.</li>
              <li>Connect the jumper wires to create a positive and negative path on the breadboard.</li>
              <li>Give pin number 7 a ground (connect to negative path) and pin 14 a high (connect to positive path) for the integrated circuit (IC 7408).</li>
              <li>Take pin 1 and 2 as inputs and pin 3 as the output of the IC.</li>
              <li>Connect one leg of the resistor to the output path and the other leg to any free point on the breadboard.</li>
              <li>Connect the positive leg of the LED to the path of the output leg of the resistor and the negative leg to the negative path of the breadboard.</li>
            </ol>

            <h2>Result</h2>
            <p>After completing the procedure, the LED will glow depending on the inputs. If either of the inputs is connected to the negative path (0) on the breadboard, the LED will be off. If both inputs are connected to the positive path (1), the LED will turn on, verifying the logical conjunction.</p>

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              <h3 style="margin-top: 0;">Explore Other Logic Operations</h3>
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                <a href="orGate.html" class="btn btn-outline-primary">OR GATES</a>
                <a href="gatesbasicOperations.html" class="btn btn-primary">AND GATES</a>
                <a href="notGate.html" class="btn btn-outline-success">NOT GATES</a>
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