diff --git a/arxiv/main.tex b/arxiv/main.tex index 308076f0..4539b2a1 100644 --- a/arxiv/main.tex +++ b/arxiv/main.tex @@ -40,41 +40,32 @@ \author{Dirk Englund} \affiliation{Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA} -\date{\today} +\date{July 29, 2026} \begin{abstract} We present PixCell, a neurosymbolic system in which multimodal agents convert -a visually presented photonic component into a parametric program over a -small domain-specific language (DSL) of geometric primitives. Each component -is verified by a deterministic visual metric (IoU/SSE) whose evaluation is -asymmetrically cheaper than the generation attempt. While models using -multi-seed sampling and iterative revision reach a mean best-turn IoU of only -$0.416$, -state-of-the-art multimodal agents operating directly through PixCell's -executable interface and verifier consistently exceed $0.9$ mean IoU. The two -strongest configurations reach $0.974$ and $0.955$ across eight blind -component targets while satisfying the source contract for every target. -These results demonstrate that frontier multimodal agents can reliably -recover executable parametric representations from visual targets. The -created program also exposes the live variables available for downstream -design. In a cross-stack interferometer study, two reconstructed primitive -programs satisfy an $8.0\,$nm free spectral range target and the original -footprint constraint on modeled 220-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI), 400-nm -silicon nitride (SiN), and 400-nm thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) stacks. A -generic library Mach--Zehnder interferometer (MZI) reaches the spectral target -but exceeds the footprint on all three stacks because its exposed coordinates -cannot realize the required path length within the available area. PixCell -further carries a paper-derived splitter from visual reconstruction through -SOI full-wave simulation, producing symmetric propagation and balanced -outputs. Separate full-wave audits expose the quantitative limits of -inexpensive analytic models. Finally, the same executable verifier supplies a -training reward and dataset used to train a Qwen3.6-35B-A3B model from its raw -base checkpoint with low-rank adaptation (LoRA) and group relative policy -optimization (GRPO), without supervised demonstrations. On eight -training-excluded paper figures, its mean champion IoU rises from $0.422$ -after eight initial attempts to $0.491$ after three verifier-guided revision -rounds. These results therefore establish a controlled framework for measuring, -retargeting, and improving visual-to-parametric photonic component design. +a visually presented photonic component into a parametric program over a small +domain-specific language (DSL) of geometric primitives. A system enabling +deterministic visual verification renders evaluation asymmetrically cheaper +than the generation attempt. While models using multi-seed sampling and +iterative revision reach a mean best-turn IoU of only $0.416$, multimodal +agents through PixCell's interface and verifier consistently exceed $0.9$ mean +IoU, with scores reaching $0.974$ and $0.955$ across eight component targets +while also satisfying source contracts. These results demonstrate that frontier +multimodal agents can reliably understand and render executable parametric +representations from visual targets. Using these live parameters, cross-stack +studies on an interferometer reconstruct primitive programs that satisfy an +$8.0$\,nm free spectral range target and the original footprint constraint on +modeled 220-nm SOI, 400-nm SiN, and 400-nm TFLN stacks. PixCell further carries +a paper-derived splitter from visual reconstruction through SOI full-wave +simulation, producing symmetric propagation and balanced outputs. Finally, the +same executable verifier supplies a training reward and dataset used to train a +Qwen3.6-35B-A3B model with LoRA and GRPO without supervised demonstrations. On +eight training-excluded paper figures, its mean champion IoU rises from +$0.422$ after eight initial attempts to $0.491$ after three verifier-guided +revision rounds. These results therefore establish a controlled framework for +measuring, retargeting, and improving visual-to-parametric photonic component +design. \end{abstract} \maketitle @@ -96,9 +87,7 @@ \section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} explicit set operation, with red and blue denoting operand-exclusive regions and purple their intersection. The operator names match the GDSFactory 9.20.7 interface used by the source gate, and every -function-relevant dimension must remain a named variable. The allowed -\texttt{ring} is a geometric annulus, not a pre-built resonator. Pre-built -device cells and raw polygon or pixel traces are outside the language.} +function-relevant dimension must remain a named variable.} \label{fig:primitives} \end{figure*} diff --git a/assets/pixcell-paper.pdf b/assets/pixcell-paper.pdf index 161bd155..a5acf4d8 100644 Binary files a/assets/pixcell-paper.pdf and b/assets/pixcell-paper.pdf differ