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An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to each device on a network. It allows devices to communicate with one another.

Types of IP Addresses

  • IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)
  • IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

Overview

  • Bit Size: 32-bit address
  • Structure: 4 sections (octets), each 8 bits
  • Range per Section: 0–255
  • Address Range: 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
  • Total Addresses: 2³² = 4,294,967,296

IPv4 Address Structure

  • Fixed Length: 32 bits
  • Divided into 4 octets (8 bits each)
  • Separation: Dots (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
  • Value Range per Octet: 0 to 255 (8-bit binary max is 11111111, i.e., 255)

Example: Binary to Decimal Conversion

Binary IP: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001

Step 1: Break into Octets

  • Octet 1: 11000000
  • Octet 2: 10101000
  • Octet 3: 00000001
  • Octet 4: 00000001

Step 2: Convert to Decimal

  • 11000000 = 192
  • 10101000 = 168
  • 00000001 = 1
  • 00000001 = 1

Resulting IPv4 Address: 192.168.1.1

Classful and Classless IP Addressing

Classful IP Addressing

IP addresses are grouped into classes based on predefined ranges.

Class A

  • Purpose: Large networks (e.g., governments, ISPs)

  • Binary Range: Starts with 0

  • IP Range: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

  • Structure: N.H.H.H

    • Network Bits: 7
    • Host Bits: 24

  • Networks: 2⁷ – 2 = 126

  • Hosts per Network: 2²⁴ – 2 = 16,777,214

Class B

  • Purpose: Medium-sized organizations

  • Binary Range: Starts with 10

  • IP Range: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

  • Structure: N.N.H.H

    • Network Bits: 14
    • Host Bits: 16

  • Networks: 2¹⁴ = 16,384

  • Hosts per Network: 2¹⁶ – 2 = 65,534

Class C

  • Purpose: Small organizations

  • Binary Range: Starts with 110

  • IP Range: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

  • Structure: N.N.N.H

    • Network Bits: 21
    • Host Bits: 8

  • Networks: 2²¹ = 2,097,152

  • Hosts per Network: 2⁸ – 2 = 254

Class D

  • Purpose: Multicast (e.g., streaming services)
  • Binary Range: Starts with 1110
  • IP Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
  • Note: No host/network division

Class E

  • Purpose: Experimental and future use
  • Binary Range: Starts with 1111
  • IP Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
  • Note: Reserved for research/development

Private vs Public IP Addresses

Private IP Addresses

  • Used within local networks (LAN)

  • Not routable on the internet

  • Free to use

  • Private Ranges:

    • Class A: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
    • Class B: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
    • Class C: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

Public IP Addresses

  • Used for internet communication

  • Assigned by ISPs

  • Not free

  • Public Ranges:

    • Class A: 1.0.0.0 – 126.255.255.255
    • Class B: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
    • Class C: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255

Basic IP Assignment Rules

  • Avoid assigning:

    • 0.0.0.0 (used for default routing)
    • IPs with no host bits enabled (e.g., 1.0.0.0)
    • IPs with all host bits enabled (e.g., 1.255.255.255)

  • Ensure uniqueness within a network